Introduction to Law

Wherever people have lived together, they have found it necessary to develop rules of conduct. They need rules for the settlement of disputes. They also need rules for the organization of their governments. Law is the set of rules that the government enforces through its police, its courts, and its other agencies. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee demonstrates the importance of law in our communities, especially criminal law. Law makes it possible for men to live together peaceably in a community. If there were no law, every man could do just as he pleased, with law, the people in a community know that the government will enforce rules that will make it possible for them to live together without conflict. The philosophy or science of law is called jurisprudence. There are two main kinds of laws. Civil or public law helps settle disputes between people or companies. Criminal law deals with crimes, or actions that cause serious harm to an individual or group. Public law is the body of rules in which the government is directly involved. Public law regulates the relationships between individuals and the government. One group of rules in public law defines and limits the powers of the government. The part of public law most familiar to many persons is criminal law, which is the body of rules that we are commanded to obey. The government may fine those who do not obey, send them to jail, or even execute them. A number of smaller groups of rules also come under the general heading of public law. International law is concerned with agreements among nations, problems of boundaries, and other questions arising from the relationships of one country with another. Constitutional law deals with the problems that have arisen about various clauses in the United States Constitution. Problems in constitutional law include the organization of the government and the guarantees of our liberties. Administrative law is the body of rules made by administrative or executive agencies of government. The Interstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Federal Communications Commission are all examples of such an agency. Civil law includes the rules that regulate the relationships among people. Private law includes many smaller groups of rules. Some examples are the rules relating to contracts, personal injuries, and real estate. Most people think of only criminal law when they hear the word law. However, most lawyers and courts spend most of their time dealing with problems of private law. These private law problems includes taxation, business affairs, the transfer of property, and the collection of money for people injured through the fault of others. Cases or proceedings in civil courts are often called lawsuits. Social conditions continually change, and so the law must also change or become outdated. Every nation changes its laws in the manner that its political system prescribes. In a dictatorship, only the top government leaders can change the law. Democracies, however, have developed four main methods of changing the law. Democratic laws change by court decision, by legislation, by administrative action, and by the direct action of the people. Every independent country has its own legal system. The systems vary according to each country's social traditions and form of government. However, most systems can be classed as either a common-law system or a civil-law system. The United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other English-speaking countries have a common-law system. Most other countries have a civil-law system. Many countries combine features of both systems. Law enforcement is one of the most important ways a government has of protecting its citizens. It usually refers to the action of police and the courts in catching and punishing criminals. However, a broad use of the term also includes the administration of justice in all law cases by the courts. Law enforcement is necessary to maintain order in a community, state, or country. Private citizens have more to do with law enforcement than simply obeying the laws. They should report to the authorities whenever they see a law being broken. Every citizen has the right to arrest a person he sees committing a crime. In conclusion, law is one of the most basic social institutions and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others, nor could a society exist if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations toward one another. The law thus establishes the rules that define a person's rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules and states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties.

Good and Bad Stress

As is the case with most people, a stigma is carried with the perception that asking for help is a sign of weakness. So much so is this fact that people have taken their own lives, before doing so. This is a universal problem that, to date has no solution. The prevalence of this problem is so severe education has been enforced almost to a mandatory level. Organizations have made suicide prevention training as such a part of the Job now that it almost seems routine.As with soldiers that are expected to operate in high stress environments, so are officers and the risk of the pressure becoming too much is always there. An Organization known as SAVE (Suicide Awareness Voices of Education) has dedicated its mission to prevention and education, as we now know that one of the biggest defenses we have to this horrible problem is an educational offense. Knowledge is power. We need stress. Our bodies endure stress everyday and a certain amount of stress is healthy.It is once we endure more tha n we can perceptively handle that the risk of suicide becomes prevalent. Most individuals in high stress professions excel under certain stressful situations, yet another reason that it takes a certain type of person to be able to handle the demands of police work, but every person is different and their body reaction to stress may be more severe. It is here that we see a stigma arise, in that an individual sees a counterpart that handles certain situations differently and perceptively better than they themselves creating a feeling of inadequacy.It is because of perception that so many lives are lost due to this not so silent killer. Page 3 of 4 No singular definition can be used to pinpoint a definition for stress, but we are certain that â€Å"good† stress is known to be helpful. It's the bad stuff that we have to look out for. In the past, law enforcement suicides often were ruled accidental deaths, and they are still underreported, Dandies says. â€Å"Most of us agree th at the statistics are probably much higher than we actually know, because of the shame factor. † (http://Saturday's. Saturdays. Com)If those in need of help would look past the stigma of weakness associated with getting help would we see a decrease in these senseless losses? Of course! â€Å"†These folks are taught to suppress their emotions and soldier forward,† says Elizabeth Dandies, a psychologist who works with California police agencies in the aftermath of suicides. â€Å"It's very difficult for them to admit they need help. † And I agree. I myself served five years as an Army PM and had to sit through countless hours of Suicide Prevention Training and memorizing a mantra using an acronym ACE.Ask your buddy Care for your buddy Escort you buddy Did I encounter individuals that could've benefited from counseling and refused to go?

The Influence of Globalization on Movies

The Influence of Globalization on movies Nowadays, movies, which are the most important entertainment of people, has spent much more money and time than before by a growing number of people. Different kinds of new movies play nearly everyday; and the way to watch a movie isn’t confined to the cinema. Along with the improvement of digital postproduction and digital effect is applied to the movies, they make people to be personally on the scene when you watch a movie. In the past twenty years, the changes of the ways to watch a movie and the movie technology have already influenced entertainment for people deeply. As we know, globalization on movies and films’ changes in the past twenty years had an effect on people’s daily life, so it was the reason for choosing this topic. We worked out six questionnaires about the project after deciding on the topic. We had 3 yes/no questions, for instance, do you like watching movies, how many movies do you watch per month and traditional movies are more valuable than commercial movies. In addition, we had a multiple choice in our survey, it is â€Å"Which kind of films do you like†. Besides these, two open questions were chosen, one is â€Å"What aspects of movie do you think have changed? †, another is â€Å"Which ways do you often watch movies? †. Our group planned to ask 12 people to answer the questions when we were finishing the questionnaires, so each group’s member needed to ask 3 people about the questions. Only my roommates were asked, and all questions were answered by a pencil. These men who were asked to answer the questions because of convenience; I could take up too much of their time to explain the project, the topic and the detail of the questions, too. The result was collected together when we finished asking the questions. The outcome of our survey is that all the interviewees like to watch movies. However, half of them watch movies less than 5 per month, nearly half of the interviewees watch 6 to 10 movies per month . Only one interviewee watches movies more than 20 per month. Disaster film and comedy film are the most popular movies among the interviewees, many people watch science fiction film and cartoon film as well. Fewer interviewees like watching crime film. A majority of people consider that movies’ theme need to change most because they want to watch a variety of movies. Meanwhile, the way to watch a movie is infinite variety, such as internet, at home by a DVD, cinema and web TV phone. Most interviewees also believe that traditional movies are more valuable than commercial movies. It can be seen from the survey’s figures that the ways to watch a movie and the movie technology have changed most in the past twenty years. Over the past days, only cinema was supplied for people who wanted to watch a movie. But now, more and more people watch movies at home through Family Cinema and computer because they make people comfortably. People can sit on the sofa even or lie in bed to watch a movie, and they are able to have some food and drink at the same time. However, in my opinion, movies’ changes which affect entertainment of people most is movie technology, particularly is computer digital special effects’ appearance. Digital special effect is not only a supplement for film editing, it have already penetrated into every aspect of movies, such as screenplay, scene, stage-ties and postproduction. The directors’ imagination is also at liberty to gallop on through the digital special effect. It makes people to be personally on the scene and shock each audience’s ghost. There is no doubt that people’s daily life is closed related to movies, and they play a very significant role in people’s entertainment life. Movies’ changes have never terminated in the past twenty years, and film industry has undergone enormous changes.

Toxicology, Drugs and Poisons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Toxicology, Drugs and Poisons - Essay Example The acidic poisons and drugs can easily be isolated from the acidic solution while the basic drugs and poisons are easily extracted from the basic solution. After completing the procedure, the poison and drugs are isolated, the isolated samples are then screened and confirmed thereafter. Other techniques that are discussed in the paper include color testing, immunoassay testing, gas chromatography and microcrystalline testing. Determination of quality of drugs or poison is done through extraction and isolation of the substance from body fluids and tissues. The techniques used in identification include color testing, immunoassay testing, gas chromatography and microcrystalline testing. Color testing is a technique simply used in a determination of an individual content of drug or poison in the system. The technique mainly identifies the type of drug or poisons present in the person and do not indicate the quantity of the suspected substance in the individual’s body. Toxicologist always carries out confirmation test after color testing for surety (Flanagan, Perrett and Whelpton, 2005). When the test is done in a urine sample, a small strip used for the test is dipped in the urine sample and is expected to change to a specific color. In other tests, chemical substances are combined with a sample that is already isolated. Changes in color due to the reactions indicate the presence of certain drugs or p oison in the sample (Haley and Berndt, 2007). Microcrystalline testing involves combining a given amount of isolated sample with a specifically known chemical reagent. In the presence of a drug or poison, a chemical reaction will occur producing a precipitate. The precipitate structure and color varies with respect to the drug or poison that is tested. The precipitate that is formed can then be screened or viewed under a microscope for identity confirmation (Bell, 2009).

Effective Behavior Support Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Effective Behavior Support - Assignment Example Materials from presentations available on certain websites have also been studied. In end of the article, a conclusion has been drawn to present crux of whole discussion. Research Methodology The data is taken from various research journals, books, and magazines. The publications mostly published after 2000 A.D have been studied for discussion and literature review. The author has tried to review most recent studies regarding effective behavior support. Literature Review Many scholars and researchers have written on the topic of effective behavior support. Effective academic instructions should emphasize on facilitating students success during tenure of their teaching in schools (Scott et al., 2002). This will support the students in obtaining better results and show responsible behavior towards their studies. Li (2000) has argued that students are affected by school environments as well as community outside the school premises. As students spend their life in different environments, they are influenced by different settings such as family, peer group, school etc. Within their family, children learn basic things of their life – things like eating, speaking, behaving with family members and outsiders. Christensen (2003) has found that a number of research studies indicate that the extent to which students feel connected to their school, feel connected to their home, feel connected to peer groups, is the extent to which their achievement is predicted to be successful. Social and economical conditions also affect the behavior of students and degree of participation in the school activities. Hourahan (2000) finds through his research studies that students belonging to working class in USA had more language problems than the students coming from wealthier families. Gao (2000) has also described the impact of social status on the intercultural communication regarding Chinese in Australian education institutions. In this backdrop, socio-economic status plays a significant part in determining the chances of success for the students. Why effective behavior support is needed? Effective behavior support (EBS) is adopted by different nations (Safran, 2006). It is a comprehensive approach that focuses on prevention of negative behavior through careful and systematic educational programs. This approach supports students all over the world to decrease negative and antisocial behavior (Sugai & Horner, 2006). This approach is applied not only to individual students but also to entire school setting. It has also received positive response from institutions across the world. The effective behavior support minimizes the problem behavior (Carr et al., 2002). It involves respectful, constructive, proactive, and educative behaviors that bring positive changes in society as well as in behavior of the individuals. Behavior management is highly dependent on the educational background and social set up. Scholars have noted a number of behavior problems in st udents. To get a crystal clear picture of this behavior, classroom and non-classroom settings have been studied. Researchers emphasize that behavior support plays vital role in success of students and has positive impact on the environment of the school. Effective behavior support demands for improvement in the school atmosphere that helps students achieve maximum results. Positive behavior support incorporates a number of strategies which aim at gaining significant social and learning outcomes. Approaches to behavior

Conducting a Marketing Analysis for Starbucks UK' Essay

Conducting a Marketing Analysis for Starbucks UK' - Essay Example The company’s management acted promptly, under the leaderships of the CEO Schultz, to resolve internal weaknesses and to adapt to the changing external market environment to ensure the survival of the organization in this industry. The survival of the company in tough market environment depends on the ability of the managers to target new market segments and redesign their products to suit the contemporary market needs. Over the past ten years, the food and beverages industry has shown an exponential growth and the same is expected in future. Currently, the food and drinks market is valued at about $35 billion and the projection shows that this is bound to rise. By the year 2020, the food and beverages industry is expected to have a total value of $60.0 billion. This growth trend of this industry can be linked with the rising demand of these products and services due to increased rise in social class and growth of population (United Kingdom Food & Drink Report, 2014). However, it is clear that the demand for food and beverages in rising in the developing markets such as India more than in settled economies such as the US. Unfortunately, the competition in the food and drinks and beverages is becoming a great threat to this business. The main competitors included McDonalds and Dunkin Donuts, Costa Coffee, Pete’s coffee and mom and pop coffee stores. Over time, the company has faced a strong competition from Costa Coffee, Nestle, Caribou Coffee Company and the Coffee Roasters. This competition has been accelerated by the poor pricing strategies that Starbuck continues to use over its history. The company’s weakness exists in its inability to effect positive price reduction strategies in markets where price is a major influence of demand (Cardenal, 2012). High prices of products have given the company a bad reputation and promises to be limiting factor in the future of this company. Another weakness

5 paragraph essay In what instances of your own life has malleability

5 paragraph In what instances of your own life has malleability been a factor in success or failure - Essay Example Usually malleability is considered to be a good property to have in the natural sciences. Being malleable means to be adaptable, to take outside influences to improve one’s own personal properties or strong points. Therefore using malleability is a recognised means of driving forward self-improvement and personal development as well. Arguably malleability is also about having to react to different kinds of pressures and other developments which could well be beyond personal control or an individual’s ability to chose. Malleability has played a prominent role in and being a notable factor in personal self-development as well as success. Malleability has allowed for the adoption of thoughts, activities, and the gaining of enhanced personal attributes to thrive at school, college, university, in paid employment, and within in various social groups. Malleability is a personal attribute that is priceless when it comes down to having a flexible approach which allows one to fit in and be very useful in most if not all social, academic, and employment circumstances. As a personal quality malleability means being able to adjust to all circumstances under varying degrees of pressure or high levels of expectations to achieve the desired outcomes and results. In other words demonstrating the personal quality of malleability is a key element in achieving success in academic, social, and employment situations that have already arisen or will arise in the future. Academic institutions, social groups, and businesses all need and will benefit from having people available to them who could clearly show their personal malleability to contribute to team working and decision-making. Malleability could and does make the difference between success or failure, a sound decision or an unsound decision. Personally speaking, or more accurately writing, malleability has

Contemporary Art in Russia Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary Art in Russia - Thesis Example The paper "Contemporary Art in Russia" talks about Russian Contemporary Art. It gave the Union new foreign policies that achieved political power. The policy of Perestroika with it market reforms influenced the Russian art scene and function of the art centers. Perestroika influenced the functions of museums, contemporary art and the market since its inception. It also influenced the role of contemporary spaces such as the Loft Etashe and the Garage Center. Museums such as the Museum Of Non-Conformist Art, Hermitage and the National Center of Contemporary Art also felt the influence of the Perestroika policy. During the inception of the policy, the market for art in Russia experienced a boom. However, the financial implications that followed Perestroika resulted to a decline of art sales. Sotheby used to host an art auction, but it was closed in 1988. The auction was later reopened in 2007. 22 years ago, the Russian art market was withdrawn from the rest of the globe. However, the Mi nistry Of Culture in Russia persuaded Sotheby to hold an auction of contemporary Russian art in Moscow. The aim of the auction was to portray to the world the message of Perestroika and expose contemporary Russian artists to the world. All the contemporary art sold on the auction was exclusively for exportation. The auction turned out to be a market success. The auction raised two million Euros, and it increased the earning from art for the Russian artists. Some of the art pieces fetched up to 242,000 Euros at the time.

Have you had Your VSauce Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Have you had Your VSauce Today - Essay Example The videos are narrated by the creator of Vsauce, Michael Stephens, in his signature style beginning each video with â€Å"Hi Vsauce!† Vsauce provides educational content that is beneficial to students as well as general online users. The content is always interesting and intriguing, and arouses the curiosity of the users. The videos are about topics most people think about but do not try to actively investigate them. Questions about dreams and alien life are used to elaborate scientific research and phenomena because people are naturally curious about these topics. Vsauce videos explain such topics and encourage students to learn about things that puzzle them. Some of the videos that offer such intriguing content are What if You were Born in Space? and Why do We Get Bored?. After watching these videos, viewers are able to enhance their knowledge. In addition, the videos inspire viewers to be more observant of their surroundings. The information in the videos helps students de velop greater interest in science and other subjects. Entertainment is one of the main distinguishing features of Vsauce. Michael Stephens appears as the narrator in all the videos and ensures that the viewer remains engaged from beginning to end. The videos uploaded on the channel are informative and provide scientific explanations to the viewer. However, they are packaged in a very different way from regular informational videos. The captions of the videos, for instance, are worded in the same way as feature stories and articles on mainstream websites. This feature helps to attract readers to the content and view the videos to be entertained. For example, a video titled How Many 5-Year Olds Could You Fight? explains concepts of force and power. Another video titled Guns in Space discusses important concepts of space, gravity, and motion. The video discusses the theories and concepts introduced by scientists such as Newton and Einstein. This strategy of combining information with e ntertainment is the reason why the videos receive a large number of hits. Just two years after its inception in 2010, Vsauce reached a subscription level of 1 million users. The tools used in the videos are effective at explaining the concepts vividly. The videos combine the use of animated diagrams and photographs to illustrate abstract concepts such as gravity and motion. Such use of animated diagrams is effective in explaining temporal features of a concept (Lowe, 168). At times, a comic effect is created to make apparently complex subjects seem interesting. For instance, a video entitled We Can’t Touch Anything uses diagrams and animation effectively to explain atomic structure and contact between two surfaces. Another video titled What Can You do Without a Brain? uses teaching aids as well as animated illustrations to explain brain anatomy and neurological processes. This feature distinguishes Vsauce from other online educational content because it is lively and engaging . It uses techniques other than background narration and text to make concepts more explicit to the viewer. Vsauce makes educational content accessible to the target audience. Accessibility is vital to the success of distance education (Burgstahler, Corrigan, & McCarter, 234). With several alternatives offering similar services in the print and electronic environment, it is important for content providers to reach out to the intended audience instead of expecting

Identify the level of accessibility in three universities websites in Article

Identify the level of accessibility in three universities websites in the UK - Article Example However, if any unfortunate incident happening comes up, the friendliness of the web pages assures the provision of urgent help. Hence, these websites are highly accessible to all kinds of students. The best thing about these websites is that they all have pages with links to the home page or the main content which makes them friendly towards blind people or students with problems related to eye sight. Furthermore, there are headlined links as well as options to increase font sizes on the main page that are a great help. Taking the websites of universities in the UK in terms of risk management, there seems to be a good arrangement for all kinds of students. Keeping the students away from all possible problems, the websites well portray the level of universities that the UK boasts. Legal and Ethical Issues: Application of good ethical standards is what ultimately reflects the institution or business of which a particular website is. In order to depict the best possible image, all inst itutes and businesses tend to have websites designed, as perfectly as possible. No matter how much the world advances towards casual and tends to portray them as new trends, ethical standards and legality has and will always remain above everything else.

Assignment for my course International Accounting and Consultancy Essay

Assignment for my course International Accounting and Consultancy. Writer MUST be ON TIME. Writer needs to send me somethinganything on the 13thMarch UK tim - Essay Example The IFRS make the entities achieve this purpose by enabling them to provide segment wise information. However the entities do not incur any excessive cost for such reporting; they are able to make only at a little extra cost. IFRS 8 arises from the IASB's comparison of International Accounting Standard 14 (IAS 14) 'Segment Reporting' with the US standard SFAS 131 'Disclosures about segments of an Enterprise and Related Information'. IFRS 8 replaces IAS 14 and aligns Segment reporting with the requirement of SFAS 131. This paper envisages a critical analysis of the impact and usage of the introduction of IFRS 8 and the extent to which this standard aids in achieving the convergence between national accounting standards and IFRS to deliver high-quality solutions. that files, or is in the process of filing, its (consolidated) financial statements with a securities commission or other regulatory organisation for the purpose of issuing any class of instruments in a public market. However, when both separate and consolidated financial statements for the parent are presented in a single financial report, segment information need be presented only on the basis of the consolidated financial statements. (Deloitte Paper) International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) based in London represented and funded by major accounting firms, industrial companies, financial institutions, central banks and other international and professional organizations throughout the world is committed in developing, in the public interest, a single set of high quality global accounting standards that require transparent and comparable information in general purpose financial statements. According to the IASB Paper on IFRS 8 (2006), the prime objective of the IASB is to achieve the convergence of accounting standards in all the countries around the world. With this objective in view, the IASB and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the United States have undertaken a joint short term project with the objective of reducing the difference between the IFRSs and US GAAP that are capable of resolution in a relatively shorter period of time. The other consideration was that the differences to be addressed must be outside the major projects. With a view to adopting high quality financial reporting solutions, both the Boards considered the standards prescribed by them recently and evolved the new standard as the best combination of existing standards. In order to decide on the new IFRS 8 standard the IASB compared the IAS 14 Segment Reporting and SFAS 131 Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise Related Information. It is worth noting that the IAS 14 was adopted substantially from the earlier standard issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in the year 1997. Hence the main reason for the issue of a revised standard in IFRS 8 is to increase the convergence of different standards as well as to present the best of the standards available in respect of Segment Reporting. 4.0

Evaluate the Organization’s Involvement and Responsibility to the Community Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the Organization’s Involvement and Responsibility to the Community Essay Evelyn Hamilton, Aaron Pobleh and Regina Taylor CJA/474: Managing Criminal Justice Personnel November 26, 2012 Instructor: Pam McIver The term motivation and empowerment is a universal concept that is hoped to work towards the good of any organization. Motivation and empowerment does not come from rewards to employees but instead, recognition, responsibility and advancement. Leaders who are effective in motivating and empowering their staff have acquired a great achievement, which can increase efficiency, and self development of skills and abilities. When employers are concerned about the welfare and needs of their staff, this provides trust among staff. The purpose of this paper is to compare motivation and empowerment, define the components of empowerment, analyze the implications of empowerment and delegation in a criminal justice organization and analyze the role of trust in personnel issues. Compare motivation and empowerment Motivation and empowerment are two words that are very popular in every workplace. Generally when one mention motivation, everyone would think it is what employer gives their employees, unfortunately, motivation in the workplace goes way far beyond that. Motivating your employees gives them authority to do more work for you and do it better. According to businessdictionary. com, motivation is both internal and external factors which desire and energize people to become committed to a job, role, or subject, or to strive to reach a goal. While empowerment is management practices which allow the sharing of information, power, and rewards with employees so that they can take initiative, and make decision to solve problems, and improve themselves as well as enhance their performance (www. usinessdictionary. com). Everyone need to feel empowered regarding their work ethic on the job or being assertive in life challenges and changes, but without the key elements of self-motivation, assertiveness and the ability to make good decision how would they be able to motivate others. Mangers of an organization should show through their behavior and actions how provide the necessary skills to be productive and efficient. This in turn will produce hap pier employees. Define the components of empowerment In order to be an effective leader a person would need to be empowering by those below them and therefore allow them to take initiative on their own. A leader that has poor management skill fails to empower anyone underneath him. For example, an office manager as well as a beginner officer within the work place or in the field must feel good about performing on their own and not feeling they will be overly scrutinized regarding their errors. They must not fear the aftermaths or punishments for taking individual decision making. When this happens, employees began to shun management for fear always doing something wrong. Employers should provide positive communication to their staff (National Empowerment Center). There was a research designed to examine the concept word of empowerment in this programs sponsored by multiple examiner of the criminal justice it was first anticipated to create a working definition. After research the â€Å"elements of empowerment were identified, including access to information, ability to make choices, assertiveness, and self-esteem. Empowerment has both an individual and a group dimension (Tom Roger, 2011). This research studied participants in self-help programs for people with no self-motivation and the need for encouragement. At the beginning of the study,† it was stated numerous of the individuals involved empower in their research. It’s obviously the important theory concerning the essential to defining meaning of empowerment as part of the development. Although it â€Å"recognized that empowerment had elements in common with such concepts as self-esteem and self-efficacy, these concepts did not fully capture what was considered a distinctiveness about empowerment† (Tom Roger, 2011). In an earlier â€Å"debates empowerment was† considered â€Å"complex, multidimensional concept, and that it described a process rather than an event†. It was never â€Å"believe that an individual had to display every quality on the list in order to be considered† empowered (Tom Roger, 2011). Analyze the implications of empowerment and delegation in a criminal justice organization Today the style and practices of police leadership is changing rapidly. The term shared leadership is one being used by many police chiefs all across the country. They believe that this approach to management by sharing power and influence to individuals within the organization, who are otherwise hierarchical unequal, will view their leadership as a leadership which looks at the broader aspect of giving authority to employees which will allow them to make decisions, solve problems, and be held accountable for their actions (Mussellwhite, 2007). Whenever officers are empowered they become dedicated to their jobs. Because they are given the skills, resources, authority, opportunity to be motivated and committed to their jobs, roles, or duties. Something which is refers to as being dedicated. Employees empowerment in a police department which delegate assignments, allow officers to take responsibility of their jobs results. It also allows them to make decisions about it. When officers are delegated with responsibilities, it makes them think in decision making, take control, behave, and take actions responsively, because they know that they will be held accountable for their actions. Police departments that apply employee empowerment create an environment in which their officers are empowered, productive and are happy in their jobs. Such police departments do not limit their employees to information (Heathfield, 2012). Analyze the role of trust in personnel issues. The role of trust in personnel issues involves how employees relate and respond to their employer. For example, if an employer is more concerned about getting the job done employees will pick up on that and will respond to their employer in a negative way. But when employers’ show that they truly care about their employee’s well being they will respond in a positive way. It would be in the organizations best interest for employers to take time to get to know their employees. Employers should empower their staff by allowing them to make important decisions in reference to their day to day duties. This will cause employees to respect their employers which will also lead to trust. When employees trust and respect the organization they will do the best possible work they are capable of doing. This in turn will lead to accountability on the part of the employee (Mussellwhite, 2007). When an employer gains the trust of their staff, they will know how to motivate each individual person for the best outcome of the organization. Employees understand that no organization is a perfect organization. When employees know and feel important to the organization, respect and trust will deepen. Respect and trust will take an organization to higher creativity and increased efficiency (Forbes. com, 2009). Positive communication is the cornerstone to empowerment and trust within an organization. When employers take the time to consider their staff opinions and feedback on daily operations, this can cause higher productivity and increase efficiently. Employers should share information about the organization with their staff. This provides for a clear picture of how the organization is progressing or not progressing. This also produces trust among employees because employers trust their staff (Mussellwhite, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, this paper compared motivation and empowerment, defined the components of empowerment, analyzed the implications of empowerment and delegation in a criminal justice organization and analyzed the role of trust in personnel issues. Motivation and empowerment is about providing production and management guidelines to employees and then allows them to operate in an independent manner. Empowerment and delegation within the criminal justice system involves sharing power and influence to individuals within the organization, who are otherwise hierarchical unequal. This leadership looks at the broader aspect of giving authority to employees which will allow them to make decisions, solve problems, and be held accountable for their actions. The components of empowerment are about communication, feedback and productivity. Employees should be trained properly so that trust is gained through empowerment. A motivated and empowered employee will respect and trust the organization which will lead to accountability and responsibility. Leaders can gain great achievement when they effectively motivate and empower their staff into self development of skills and abilities. References Chris Musselwhite, 2007. Inc. Motivation=Empowerment; retrieved on November 22, 2012 from www. inc. com/resources/leadership/articles/20070801 Employees Empowerment: How to Empower employees. Retrieved on November 22, 2012 from www. humanresources. about. com/od/employeeempowerment Empowerment in the Workplace ttp://ezinearticles. com/? Empowerment-in-the-Workplaceamp;id=6541445 Make sure your employees trust you or else. Forbes. com 2009. Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/2009/03/23/trust-respect-employees-leadership-managing-blanchard. html. National Empowerment Center Article www. power2u. org/articles/empowerment/workingdef. html Susan Heathfield. 2012. What is Empowerment; Retrieved on November 22, 201 2 from www. businessdictionary. com/definition/empowerment. html What is Motivation; Retrieved on November 22, 2012 from www. Businessdictionary. com/definition/motivation. html

Assignment on Training and Development within Vodafone

Assignment on Training and Development within Vodafone Human Resource Management (HRM), a relatively new term, that emerged during the 1930s. Many people used to refer it before by its traditional titles, such as Personnel Administration or Personnel Management. But now, the trend is changing. It is now termed as Human Resource Management (HRM). Human Resource Management is a management function that helps an organization select, recruit, train and develops. Human Resource Management is defined as the people who staff and manage organization. It comprises of the functions and principles that are applied to retaining, training, developing, and compensating the employees in organization. It is also applicable to non-business organizations, such as education, healthcare etc. Human Resource Management is defined as the set of activities, programs, and functions that are designed to maximize both organizational as well as employee effectiveness Scope of HRM without a doubt is vast. All the activities of employee, from the time of his entry into an organization until he leaves, come under the horizon of HRM. The divisions included in HRM are Recruitment, Payroll, Performance Management, Training and Development, Retention, Industrial Relation, etc. Out of all these divisions, one such important division is training and development. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT is a subsystem of an organization. It ensures that randomness is reduced and learning or behavioral change takes place in structured format. TRADITIONAL AND MODERN APPROACH OF TRAINING AND DEVLOPMENT Traditional Approach Most of the organizations before never used to believe in training. They were holding the traditional view that managers are born and not made. There were also some views that training is a very costly affair and not worth. Organizations used to believe more in executive pinching. But now the scenario seems to be changing. The modern approach of training and development is that Indian Organizations have realized the importance of corporate training. Training is now considered as more of retention tool than a cost. The training system in Indian Industry has been changed to create a smarter workforce and yield the best results TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES The principal objective of training and development division is to make sure the availability of a skilled and willing workforce to an organization. In addition to that, there are four other objectives: Individual, Organizational, Functional, and Societal. Individual Objectives help employees in achieving their personal goals, which in turn, enhances the individual contribution to an organization. Organizational Objectives assist the organization with its primary objective by bringing individual effectiveness. Functional Objectives maintain the departments contribution at a level suitable to the organizations needs. Societal Objectives ensure that an organization is ethically and socially responsible to the needs and challenges of the society. Role of HRD Professionals in Training This is the era of cut-throat competition and with this changing scenario of business; the role of HR professionals in training has been widened. HR role now is: 1. Active involvement in employee education 2. Rewards for improvement in performance 3. Rewards to be associated with self esteem and self worth 4. Providing pre-employment market oriented skill development education and post employment support for advanced education and training 5. Flexible access i.e. anytime, anywhere training The HR functioning is changing with time and with this change, the relationship between the training function and other management activity is also changing. About Vodafone Vodafone Group Plc is the worlds leading mobile telecommunications company, with a significant presence in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific and the United States through the Companys subsidiary undertakings, joint ventures, associated undertakings and investments. The Groups mobile subsidiaries operate under the brand name Vodafone. In the United States the Groups associated undertaking operates as Verizon Wireless. During the last few years, Vodafone Group has entered into arrangements with network operators in countries where the Group does not hold an equity stake. Under the terms of these Partner Market Agreements, the Group and its partner operators co-operate in the development and marketing of global products and services, with varying levels of brand association. At 30 September 2009, based on the registered customers of mobile telecommunications ventures in which it had ownership interests at that date, the Group had 323 million customers, excluding paging customers, calculated on a proportionate basis in accordance with the Companys percentage interest in these ventures. The Companys ordinary shares are listed on the London Stock Exchange and the Companys American Depositary Shares (ADSs) are listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market. The Company had a total market capitalisation of approximately  £71.2 billion at 12 November 2009. Vodafone Group Plc is a public limited company incorporated in England under registered number 1833679. Its registered office is Vodafone House, The Connection, Newbury, Berkshire, RG14 2FN, England. Vodafone Training and development We provide training and development opportunities to help our employees gain new skills and experiences, and encourage them to reach their full potential. Vodafone offers a wide range of online courses related to specific aspects of the business or key skill sets. Performance Dialogues All employees complete an annual Performance Dialogue with their line manager, enabling them to review their performance annually and set clear goals and development plans for the year ahead. The process ensures our people can make a clear connection between their goals and Vodafones business objectives. Development Boards Vodafone employees with key skills are discussed at an annual Development Board, where their line managers rate their performance and potential. We use this information to identify employees with leadership potential in each local operating company. These employees are encouraged to complete leadership development training, such as Inspire. Inspire leadership development Inspire is a global programme designed to identify and develop high potential employees and accelerate their progression into leadership roles. Participants take part in a three-month international rotation and receive commercial training and personalised leadership development through Imperial College, Oxford Said Business School and the Hay Group. They also gain from exposure to and learning from members of our Executive Committee. The programme promotes cross-cultural understanding within Vodafone and encourages employees to take advantage of the breadth of experience across the Group. Promoting career opportunities within Vodafone We want people to develop at Vodafone and promote recruitment from within. This encourages people to progress their careers within the company, either through promotion or a change of role to broaden their experience. All vacancies across Vodafone are advertised on the job-posting page of our global intranet, which encourages the transfer of talent across the Group. Equal opportunities and diversity We believe employee diversity is an asset to our business. Men and women of various ages from different backgrounds and cultures, with a range of different experiences, help us understand and serve our customers around the world. We have a strategy to improve diversity and inclusion across the Group. It aims to ensure Vodafones workforce reflects its diverse customer base, and that the company has an inclusive working environment that embraces the benefits diversity brings. Vodafone aims to create a working culture that respects the value of differences among colleagues and encourages individuals to contribute their best within an environment that is inclusive, open, flexible and fair. We will not tolerate discrimination or unfair treatment on any grounds. Employees must act with integrity and respect for their colleagues and customers. We are committed to helping talented people from diverse backgrounds meet their potential at all levels of the company. Gender diversity We are working to improve gender diversity at Vodafone, as part of our diversity and inclusion strategy. This includes carrying out senior leadership training on inclusion and diversity. At Group level, we instruct our recruitment consultants to recommend a minimum of one credible female candidate for interview for every vacancy we advertise at management level. We recognise that women can often be more affected by family commitments than men and encourage flexible working to help employees balance their work with their family commitments. Cultural diversity With operations worldwide, Vodafone is not only multinational but multicultural. We encourage our managers to gain experience working in different countries and almost half our senior managers have international experience. International rotation is a key part of our Inspire programme for employees with high potential. See Training and development. Employees with disabilities We are conscious of the difficulties experienced by people with disabilities, and make every effort to ensure access to the Groups facilities and services. Disabled people are assured of full and fair consideration for all vacancies for which they offer themselves as suitable candidates. We do our best to meet their needs, particularly in relation to access and mobility. Where possible, modifications to workplaces are made to provide access for the disabled. Every effort is made to continue the employment of people who become disabled during their employment, through the provision of additional facilities, job design and appropriate training. Reward and recognition We aim to provide competitive and fair rates of pay and benefits in each market where we operate. This helps us attract and retain the best employees. Pay and benefits vary in each local operating company. Vodafone rewards employees based on their performance, potential and contribution to the success of the business. We want to ensure that our people feel their efforts are recognised. Our global short and long-term incentive plans reward performance. Health, safety and wellbeing The health, safety and wellbeing of our employees is a priority for Vodafone. We believe all incidents and injuries are preventable and we are committed to ensuring that our people can do their work safely. And we understand that employee wellbeing is vital for a healthy and effective workforce. Our wellbeing framework tackles significant issues such as attendance and stress management, as well as helping our people understand the importance of work-life balance and the benefits of healthy lifestyles. Many of our operating companies run programmes which aim to keep their employees healthy and free from stress, including flexible working initiatives. Flexible working enables employees to balance work and family commitments better and helps us to attract and retain the best people, as well as use space more efficiently. Our health, safety and wellbeing principles apply equally to Vodafone employees, our service providers, contractors and suppliers. We set consistently high health and safety standards across the Group, and have robust management systems to ensure these are implemented. Our Group Health and Safety Policy covers health and safety management, radio frequency fields and health, and driving safety. Each local operating company must comply with this policy and implement a health and safety management system that is consistent with local operating conditions and legislation. We also provide health and security advice for employees travelling abroad on business. Our Group Health, Safety and Wellbeing Board oversees implementation of health, safety and wellbeing management by local operating companies. Operating companies share information and advice through our Health, Safety and Wellbeing Network and at annual conferences. Employee volunteering Many of our employees give their time as volunteers to support good causes. This benefits charities and communities but also allows our employees to learn new skills. We encourage employee volunteering and help to raise additional funds from third parties. Most of our local operating companies have programmes to encourage employees to volunteer in working hours. Examples of employee volunteering programmes include: Refurbishing a residential care home for young children, by Vodafone Malta to mark its seventh annual Corporate Responsibility Day. Distributing blankets, clothes and food supplies to 10,000 needy families. Over 160 Vodafone Egypt employees volunteered three hours each on average to the cause. Giving blood at Vodafone Albanias Blood Donation Day, in co-operation with The Red Cross. Donors are urgently needed in Albania because 8% of the population carries Thalassemia, a blood condition that can be treated with blood transfusions. Vodafone Australias Beyondyou programme, to help employees make a personal difference to their community and the environment. Beyondyou offers individual and team volunteering, as well as career development opportunities with community partners. Employees can take one additional day of paid leave each year to volunteer.

Children rights of protection and participation

Children rights of protection and participation Introduction This research paper focuses on the childrens rights and the participation that the children have in their implementation. It is every childs right to have a say on the things that affects its life. However, some children are either too young or too truant to make solid decisions. This research paper discusses on these rights and to what extent that the children can decide on their way of life. Child Rights on decision making Children have the same rights as adults. As a vulnerable group, children have particular rights that recognize their special need for protection and also that help them develop their full potential. Children are not helpless objects of charity or a property of their parents. They are recognized as human beings and the subjects of their own rights. A child is an individual, a family and community member with rights and appropriate responsibilities for his or her age and development stage. Children should enjoy the basic qualities of life as rights rather than privileges accorded to them (CRC, 2006) Every child whether a boy or girl irrespective of age is unique and has value importance as a person with a right for their human dignity to be respected. It has a right to have a say in all decisions and matters that concern him or her, to be listened to and his or her opinion taken seriously (CRIN, 2002). This will enhance understanding and mutual respect between children and adults. The participation of children protects them more effectively from abuse and exploitation. When we understand and respect childrens own experiences, we are able to create better protection mechanisms and the children themselves can act as active agents in their own protection. This helps to develop and build recognition of children as independent bearers of rights with a sense of identity and a positive implication for their self esteem (CRIN, 2002). Childrens rights are defined in a wide spectrum of economic, civil, political and social rights. These rights have been labeled as the right to protection and right to empowerment. Some of these rights are: Right to provision: Children have a right to be provided with a good standard of living, education and services, health care and a right to play. These include access to schooling, a balanced diet and a warm bed to sleep in. They also have a right to be protected from neglect, abuse, discrimination and exploitation (CRC, 2006) Children also have a right to participation. They have a right to their own programs and services and to take part in them. This includes decision making and involvement in libraries. Some rights allow children to grow up healthy and free. This include; Freedom of speech, Freedom of thought, Freedom from fear, Freedom of choice and to make decisions and Ownership over ones body. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) provides a framework for addressing not only rights to child protection care and adequate provision, but also for participation. A child who is capable of making his or her own views shall be assured by the parties of the state a right to express them freely (CRC, 2006) The views of the child are given weight according to the maturity and age of the child. A child can participate in the sense of taking part or being present or participate in the sense of knowing that ones actions are taken note of and may be acted upon. The extent to childrens participation will vary between and within societies (CRC, 2006) There has been a clash between the childrens protection and participation rights. Protection rights protect the children against exploitation and abuse for the best interest of the child while in participatory rights; children take part in decisions concerning their lives and a right to freedom of conscious and to hold an opinion. Adults and their childrens views may not always coincide. Many childrens wishes and views are ignored by the adults for the best interest of the child. For instance; (CRC) Every child is entitled to acquire a name and a nationality. All children registration should be upon birth. The childs name, birth date and parents names are recorded. When a child is given a name at birth, he or she is not given an opportunity to choose a name for himself or herself. The parents do this for the best interests of the child (CRC). The child may however, decide to change its name upon reaching the age of maturity. In this case the child is denied a right to participate in choosing its name at first but at later stages of development; the same child can participate in the same by changing to its desired name (CRC).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A child has a right to be protected from all forms of punishment or discrimination regardless of their age, race, sex, religion, status, their expressed opinions, activities and beliefs of the family members. As much as a child has a right to religion, to express their opinion, or equality regardless of their age, these are sometimes restricted by their parents or legal guardians. For instance, a child is not at liberty to join a religion cult without the parents interference. It is not because the child is denied its freedom to worship but its for the best interest of the child (CRC). Children also have a right to get and share information and to express them. In exercising this right, they are supposed to be careful not to damage themselves or the freedoms, rights and reputations of others. They may share information through talking, writing or drawing. A childs wishes may be ignored if it is for the best of the child. For instance, a child may be denied the right to express dislike or hatred towards a particular person by hauling insults at the person. On the same, the child may be restricted on the manner of expression. For instance through shouting or screaming or demanding instead of asking politely (CRC). Children have a right of association. They have a right to meet and to join groups and organizations. Not all groups joined by children are acceptable by their parents or guardians; this brings a clash between the childrens right of association and prevention of joining them. Children are also restricted from joining into these groups if they stop other people from enjoying their rights. For instance a rioting group which will probably cause peace disturbance to others, or an outlawed group will not be acceptable that the children join (CRC). Children have a right to privacy. They are protected from attacks in their way of life, their name, families and homes. However, their way of life can be invaded by their parents or guardians if its for their best interests, for instance, when parents suspect that the child may be involved in drugs or other unlawful activities they may be forced to ransack the childs room or personal effects (CRC). Its a right for the children to access information. This they get through the radio, newspapers, television, internet and childrens books. They have a right to choose what kind of information they would like to access and in which manner. However, not all information is suitable or helpful to them (CRC). Most of the information provided by the mass media especially the radio, television and internet is unsuitable to children. It may contain violence, obscenity or strong language. Since these are harmful to the children they dont have a right over them and so their parents or guardians have to protect the children from such by deciding on what is good or bad for them. The parents also have to protect on what their children browse on the internet since they can access pornography or sites with violence which are harmful to the child (CRC). It is a childs right to live with its parents. The child can however be separated from the parents when the conditions are not favorable for the child. Such conditions may be neglect or abuse by the parents or separation by the parents hence the state has to decide on which parent has to live with the child. If the child has no parents the state decides on a home or an institution for the child to live. In this case the child may not have much of a say in the choice of who to live with. Sometimes children run away from their birth homes to live with their relatives or even live on the streets. This may be as a result of poverty or rebellion. The best interests of the child are considered first before the child is taken back to its parents home (CRC). Conclusion Children have a right to participate in decisions that shape their life and therefore should be given a chance to express their own opinion. However, this right is only exercised considering the maturity and the best interest of the child. Not all decisions that a child makes will be supported by their parents or guardians. For instance, a child cannot make a decision not to go school. For the best interests of the child the child will be forced to attend school. References CRC (Convention on the Rights of the Child). (2006). Retrieved on February 25, 2010 from: http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_30168.html CRC (The Convention on the Rights of the Child). (n.d). Retrieved on February 23, 2010 from: http://www.unicef.org/crc/files/Participation.pdf CRIN (Child rights information networks). (2002). Retrieved on February 23, 2010 from: http://www.crin.org/docs/resources/publications/childrenaspartners/CAP-outcomes-Mtg%203.pdf

Multiple Personalities: Do They Really Exist :: essays research papers

Multiple Personalities: Do They Really Exist Multiple personalities- the existence of two or more distinct personalities or personality states within one person. In actuality, up to ten or even more personalities can coexist within one person, some documented cases have revealed over one hundred. But, the question remains, what exactly is the multiple personality disorder (MPD)? First I will look at what exactly the disorder is. It is, in simple terms, many complex personalities all inhabiting the same body. At any given time, one of those personalities is in control of the body. Each one has different tastes, style, thought process, and many other things that define a person. However, research has proven even more than that. In clinical studies it has been found that of the different personalities of one person, the eye prescription, allergies, athletic ability, and even diabetes can exist in one of the personalities and not the others. The person can switch at any given time from one personality to another, often not realizing it. This can account for memory loss and time loss in the primary personality, who often does not have access to the memories of the other personalities. A common misconception among the general public is the confusion of MPD with the disease of schizophrenia. Schizophrenics do NOT have distinct personalities, rather, they have hallucinations of voices outside their heads. Schizophrenia is caused by brain malfunctions and can be treated with drugs, whereas suffers of MPD cannot because MPD is an almost purely psychological disorder. MPD seems to be caused mainly by incredibly violent and terrible childhood abuse. In fact, about 98% of MPD sufferers were abused as children. The disorder also occurs between three to nine times more in women than men, the person being abused creates other personalities to handle the pain. In the case of a man named Milligan, his father beat him and sexually abused him. Then he forced the boy to dig his own grave, burying him alive with only a stove pipe to breath through. Then the father urinated into the pipe onto the boy's face. With that kind of abuse, you either go crazy, die, or develop other personalities. That is why, in many people with MPD, there are agitated and distracted child personalities. These personalities were created in order to suffer the pain of abuse. When the abuse was over, their call was no longer needed and the primary personality could resume control, dropping with that second personality all memory of the event and continuing as if nothing happened. This type of personality exists in almost all MPD sufferers. Another common personality is the

William Goldings Lord of the Flies :: Essays Papers

Lord of the Flies In the midst of a raging war, a plane evacuating a group of English boys from Britain is shot down over a deserted tropical island. Marooned, the boys set about electing a leader and finding a way to be rescued. They choose Ralph as their leader, and Ralph appoints Jack to be the leader of the hunters. Ralph, Jack, and Simon set off on an expedition to explore the island. When they return, Ralph declares that they must light a signal fire to attract the attention of passing ships. The boys begin to do so, using the lens from Piggy's eyeglasses to ignite dead wood, but they are more interested in playing than in paying close attention to their duties, and the fire quickly ignites the forest. A large swath of dead wood burns out of control. One of the youngest boys disappears, presumably having burned to death. At first, the boys enjoy their life without grown-ups. They splash in the lagoon and play games, though Ralph complains that they should be maintaining the signal fire and building huts for shelter. The hunters have trouble catching a pig, but Jack becomes increasingly preoccupied with the act of hunting. One day, a ship passes by on the horizon, and Ralph and Piggy notice, to their horror, that the signal fire has burned out; it had been the hunters' responsibility to maintain it. Furious, Ralph accosts Jack, but the hunter has just returned with his first kill, and all the boys seem gripped with a strange frenzy, reenacting the chase in a kind of wild dance. When Piggy criticizes him, Jack hits him across the face. Ralph blows the conch shell used to summon the boys and reprimands them in a speech intended to restore order. Yet there is a larger, more insidious problem than keeping the signal fire lit and overcoming the difficulties of hunting: the boys have started to become afraid. The littlest boys (known as "littluns") have been troubled by nightmares from the beginning, and more and more boys now believe that there is some sort of beast or monster lurking on the island. At the meeting, the older boys try to convince the others to think rationally: if there were a monster, where would it hide during the daytime? One of the littluns suggests that it hides in the sea, a proposition that terrifies the whole group.

Essay --

People have different taste buds and different numbers of taste buds that can determine their sensitivity to taste. In this experiment, we tested the changes in threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors when maple syrup is consumed prior to the tests. Two subjects tasted four solutions (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter). Each solution had seven different concentrations. Two experiments were also made with and without maple syrup consumption. The first experiment was used as a control group for the second experiment. Results showed that threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors changed after consuming syrup before the other solutions. Based on the results, it was determined that chemoreceptors adapted to concentration strengths. Tastants, which are taste stimuli, uses chemicals to evoke the sense of taste (Kudo et al., 2010). People’s term of taste differs by a genetic locus, which causes the tongue to identify taste (Eisenstein, 2010). A chemoreceptor is a sensory receptor that can identify chemical stimuli then transmits the information to the brain (Campbell, 2010). The number of taste buds in a person’s mouth can also determine their sensitivity to taste (Kudo et al., 2010). Adaptation occurs when the nervous system does not cause a reaction due to a stimulus being continuous for a period of time (Walsh, 2013). In this experiment, we determined the changes in threshold sensitivity of the taste receptors for salty, sour, sweet, and bitter solutions by consuming maple syrup prior to tasting the other solutions. We wanted to see if taste receptors could adapt to a strong sweet taste, but could still acquire the same threshold sensitivity of the other tastes. I predicted that after consuming maple syrup, the taste threshold for the ot... ...erence on the results. Since we only had time to experiment with only two subjects, our average would not be as precise as if we had experimented with five to ten subjects. Another error was the amount of maple syrup consumed. Sometimes Tuan would consume a little syrup and sometimes he would consume a lot. The same also occurred with Khoi as he also sometimes consumed a large concentration of syrup. Temperature was also a factor to the results as a warmer solution was more noticeable than a cooler solution. Due to the collected data, we concluded that the threshold sensitivity of taste receptors did change after maple syrup was consumed (Figure 1). Future experiments that would further the understanding of this topic could be that instead of using maple syrup, which was sweet, we could use something that was bitter, salty, or sour to see if results would also vary. Essay -- People have different taste buds and different numbers of taste buds that can determine their sensitivity to taste. In this experiment, we tested the changes in threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors when maple syrup is consumed prior to the tests. Two subjects tasted four solutions (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter). Each solution had seven different concentrations. Two experiments were also made with and without maple syrup consumption. The first experiment was used as a control group for the second experiment. Results showed that threshold sensitivity of chemoreceptors changed after consuming syrup before the other solutions. Based on the results, it was determined that chemoreceptors adapted to concentration strengths. Tastants, which are taste stimuli, uses chemicals to evoke the sense of taste (Kudo et al., 2010). People’s term of taste differs by a genetic locus, which causes the tongue to identify taste (Eisenstein, 2010). A chemoreceptor is a sensory receptor that can identify chemical stimuli then transmits the information to the brain (Campbell, 2010). The number of taste buds in a person’s mouth can also determine their sensitivity to taste (Kudo et al., 2010). Adaptation occurs when the nervous system does not cause a reaction due to a stimulus being continuous for a period of time (Walsh, 2013). In this experiment, we determined the changes in threshold sensitivity of the taste receptors for salty, sour, sweet, and bitter solutions by consuming maple syrup prior to tasting the other solutions. We wanted to see if taste receptors could adapt to a strong sweet taste, but could still acquire the same threshold sensitivity of the other tastes. I predicted that after consuming maple syrup, the taste threshold for the ot... ...erence on the results. Since we only had time to experiment with only two subjects, our average would not be as precise as if we had experimented with five to ten subjects. Another error was the amount of maple syrup consumed. Sometimes Tuan would consume a little syrup and sometimes he would consume a lot. The same also occurred with Khoi as he also sometimes consumed a large concentration of syrup. Temperature was also a factor to the results as a warmer solution was more noticeable than a cooler solution. Due to the collected data, we concluded that the threshold sensitivity of taste receptors did change after maple syrup was consumed (Figure 1). Future experiments that would further the understanding of this topic could be that instead of using maple syrup, which was sweet, we could use something that was bitter, salty, or sour to see if results would also vary.

Explain and assess Haidt’s ‘moral foundations’ theory

Introduction This essay will explain and assess Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), which was originally developed by Haidt, and which he has since worked on with a number of collaborators. The first part of this essay will outline the philosophical background of the theory, especially its relationship to Continental rationalism and British empiricism. This will be followed by an explanation and description of Haidt’s Social Intuitionist Model (SIM), which provides the essential mechanism by which MFT functions. Next will come an unpacking and explanation of the general claims of MFT, and the specific foundations it postulates. Finally, there will be an assessment of some of the various critiques of the theory, during which its strengths and weaknesses will be considered. It will be concluded that MFT is a strong theory on the whole, which builds on firm philosophical and scientific foundations and provides good descriptive representation of moral systems. MFT rejects the rationalist notion th at morality can be accessed by a priori reason. Put simply, there are four main justifications for this: (1) there are two cognitive processes that occur in humans – reasoning and intuition – the former of which has been overemphasized; (2) reasoning is frequently motivated by other concerns; (3) the reasoning process tends to construct post hoc justifications, even though we experience the illusion of objective reasoning; and (4) moral action covaries with moral emotion more frequently than with moral reasoning. This is the heritage of Continental philosophy, whose champions were figures such as Descartes and Kant. The philosophical forerunners to MFT were the British empiricist philosophers, especially Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, and Smith. These men believed, to quote Hume, ‘that Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.’ In philosophy, this position now falls with in the school of intuitionism. This ‘refers to the view that there are moral truths and that when people grasp these truths they do so not by a process of ratiocination and reflection but rather by a process more akin to perception.’ The social element comes in because intuition occurs in relation to other people. As Haidt puts it, ‘when faced with a social demand for a verbal justification, one becomes a lawyer trying to build a case rather than a judge searching for the truth’. Based on this intellectual heritage, Haidt developed the ‘Social Intuitionist Model’ (SIM). It is important to explain this properly because the ‘SIM is the prequel to MFT’, and provides the mechanism by which the latter works. There are a series of links in the SIM that explain how people relate to moral problems. The first is the intuitive judgement link. ‘The model proposes that moral judgments appear in consciousness automatically and effortlessl y as the result of moral intuitions’. The second is post hoc reasoning. This entails moral reasoning (rather than judgement), which is an ‘effortful’ process in which individuals search for support for an existing, intuitive moral judgement. Research has revealed that ‘everyday reasoning is heavily marred by the biased search only for reasons that support one’s already-stated hypothesis.’ The third is the reasoned persuasion link. This is the process by which the individual verbalises their reasoning in an attempt to persuade others of the validity of their already-made position. This reasoning can sometimes affect the views of others, but this rarely happens because moral judgements are not based on logical arguments but on intuition. It has been hypothesised that persuasion, when it occurs, is effective because it elicits new intuitive judgements in the listener. The importance of using affective persuasion to change affectively based attitu des has been demonstrated by Edwards and von Hippel. The fourth is the social persuasion link. Due to the fact that people are so receptive to the development of group norms, ‘the mere fact that friends, allies, and acquaintances have made a moral judgment exerts a direct influence on others, even if no reasoned persuasion is used’. This may indicate only outward conformity on occasion, but researchers have shown that private judgements can often be directly influenced by the views of others. There are two additional links that are hypothesised. One is the ‘reasoned judgment link’ by which people may at times reason their way to a judgment by sheer force of logic, overriding their initial intuition’. This tends to occur, however, when the ‘initial intuition is weak and processing capacity is high’. In other cases, it frequently leads to a kind of dualist way of thinking, where reasoned judgment is revealed verbally but the intuition cont inues to operate. Interestingly, on this point MFT diverges from the moral theory of Hume and the argument from pure intuition. If this link does exists, there is no explanation of how one can reason their way to a set of premises or axioms that can be used to support logic argument – unless, of course, they reason in a circle. The other link is the ‘private reflection link’, through which moral reasoning can have an indirect causal effect on moral judgement by triggering a new intuition. This is said to be why role-taking is so effective in creating new moral judgments. As Haidt puts it, ‘Simply by putting oneself into the shoes of another person, one may instantly feel pain, sympathy, or other vicarious emotional responses.’ MFT makes several broad claims, which will be presented here in no particular order. Firstly, it rejects the assumption of monism that all moral systems are ultimately reducible to a single goal or principle, most commonly gene ralised as forms of ‘justice’, ‘pleasure’ or ‘happiness’. Instead, it is pluralist and contends that there are numerous (but finite) basic values or virtues. As Isaiah Berlin put it, ‘there is a plurality of ideals, as there is a plurality of cultures and of temperaments.’ This is derived from the fact that it is heavily influenced by evolutionary biology, especially the concepts of kin selection and reciprocal altruism. It also builds on more recent work by de Waal (1996), Ridley (1996), among others. As there are a multitude of adaptive challenges faced by human beings, it seems likely that there are also many different mental tools fitted for a variety of purposes. The second claim is intuitionism, which has already been discussed at some length. To reiterate briefly, it is the assertion that ‘moral judgments, like other evaluative judgments, tend to happen quickly’, without any considerable regard for reasoning or drawn out evaluation. This aspect is encapsulated by Haidt’s (2001) SIM. Moral reasoning (as opposed to moral judgment) is generally utilised for strategic purposes in order to ‘to explain, defend and justify our intuitive moral reactions to others’. The third claim is nativism, which is the belief that there is a set of innate predispositions within human beings (‘innate’ in this case means ‘organized in advance of experience’). These are determined by genetic inheritance, but the ‘first draft’ of moral development is malleable and is changed during childhood and to an extent even during adulthood. Graham et al. employ the metaphor of writing a book, distinguishing between nature’s ‘first draft’ and the ‘editing process’ that begins with experience. Morality, therefore, ‘is innate and highly dependent on environmental influences’. The belief that nature has installed a kind of à ¢â‚¬Ëœpreparedness’ in certain species, one of which is humans, is suggested by studies of rhesus monkeys conducted by Mineka and Cook (1988). Graham et al. (2012) ‘think of this innate organization as being implemented by sets of related modules which work together to guide and constrain responses to each particular problem.’ The final claim is that morality is influenced by cultural learning. This takes places through a set of ‘learning modules’, which are innate and can be used to build on one’s genetic inheritance. For example, the tendency to bow in deference or respect is common to many cultures, but this is adapted to locally-specific cultural contexts and by ‘the time a Hindu girl reaches adulthood, she will have developed culturally-specific knowledge that makes her automatically initiate bowing movements when she encounters, say, a respected politician for the first time.’ In an American household, however, this foundati on might be dropped early on. Despite both girls starting off with the ‘same sets of universal learning modules†¦.the universal (and incomplete) first draft of the moral mind gets filled in and revised so that the child can successfully navigate the moral â€Å"matrix† he or she actually experiences.’ Different societies use different foundations to build their moralities, and some use all of them. MFT, therefore, is an intuitionist theory contending that human moral systems are the combination of innate predispositions and cultural learning. Additionally, judgements are made rapidly on the basis of a plurality of in-built mechanisms, which have been ‘hardwired’ into humans over the course of our species’ evolution. The rest of this essay will present, explain, and assess, in no particular order, the specific foundations postulated by MFT. There are supposedly five or six empirically supported ‘foundations’ for moral judgemen ts, but MFT allows for others being discovered in the future. The first is the care/harm foundation. Human offspring ‘are unusually dependent, and for an unusually long time’ and the intuitive reactions of females have been ‘optimized to detect signs of suffering, distress, or neediness’ for the purpose of raising more offspring. ‘The original triggers of the Care/harm foundation are ‘visual and auditory signs of suffering, distress, or neediness expressed by one’s own child’, but they can be activated by other children, baby animals, stuffed toys with childlike qualities, or descriptions of suffering. This foundation leads to the creation of terms such as ‘kind’ and ‘cruel’, which are valued differently by different cultures (e.g., classical Sparta vs. Buddhist societies). The second is the fairness/cheating foundation. Social animals face non-zero-sum games in which it is advantageous to cooperate. Creat ures ‘whose minds are organized in advance of experience to be highly sensitive to evidence of cheating and cooperation, and to react with emotions that compel them to play â€Å"tit for tat†, had an advantage over those who had to figure out their next move using their general intelligence.’ Social partners with reputations for certain types of behaviour are therefore labelled with words such as ‘fair’, ‘just’, and ‘trustworthy’. The third is the loyalty/betrayal foundation. It was advantageous for our ancestors to form cohesive groups when competing for territory and resources. This same behaviour can be seen in troops of chimpanzees. So humans have developed an innate predisposition to form groups. This manifests today in numerous areas, from nationalism to sports and brand loyalty. The fourth is the authority/subversion foundation. Dominance hierarchies are common among many primates, and the ability to recognise and rea ct by forming strategic relationships yielded an evolutionary advantage. Modules of the human mind in this foundation explain why we submit to many useful but constraining societal structures, such as the police force and political leaders. The varied development of this foundation explains why different societies (modern-day China vs. America) or groups (social conservatives vs. liberals) value authority in different ways. The fifth is the sanctity/degradation foundation. Human evolution carried adaptive challenges, such as moving from tree-based to ground-based living, living in larger, denser groups, and eating more meat, some of which was scavenged. This exposed us to a greater number of pathogens and parasites, and we therefore developed a pre-emptory, in-built sensitivity to factors other than the ‘sensory properties of potential foods, friends, and mates.’ ‘Disgust and the behavioral immune system have come to undergird a variety of moral reactions, e.g., t o immigrants and sexual deviants’ There are numerous criticisms of MFT, most of which are directed at one of the four main claims undergirding it: nativism, plurality, cultural learning, and intuitionism. One problem with nativism, for example, is that it is difficult to determine the extent to which the mind is ‘hardwired’. As Graham et al., put it: ‘opinions range widely from minimalist positions, which say that there is hardly any writing on the â€Å"first draft† of the mind, to maximalist positions such as massive modularity’ Indeed, the ambiguity here has led some to criticise MFT, and nativism in general, on the grounds that it lacks empirical neuroscientific evidence for the existence of modules. However, this is not reasonable at present. Given that the field is yet to ‘find a set of genes that, collectively, explains 5% of the variance in how tall people are what chance is there that anyone will find a set of genes that code fo r mental modules (such as loyalty or sanctity) whose expression is far more subject to cultural influence than is height?’ There is also considerable criticism of the emphasis MFT places on intuitionism. For example, some argue ‘that that intuition and reasoning are best seen as partners in a dance, in which either partner can lead and the other will follow.’ However, whatever the prominent role of reason, this seems misleading at the very least. As has been referenced already in this essay, and as Hume showed in his Treatise, it is not clear how reason can establish the first principles from which logical argument follows. Moral axioms cannot be given a logical foundation, and to the extent that they exist in nature and are ‘hardwired’, they cannot be expressed. Therefore, they are beyond realm of reason by their very nature. To say that reasoning can lead when it is necessarily guided by intuitive first principles is therefore unsupportable. Intere sting critiques come from the monists, who disagree with the pluralism hypothesis. Gray et al. believe that the care/harm foundation is the only one that is truly foundational. Graham et al. (2012) call this Procrustean, citing the fact that certain moral judgements, such as disgust, appear not to be accounted for by the care/harm foundation. Their confidence in this matter, however, is arguably misplaced. Disgust over, say, a dirty environment could be seen as a cause of harm. Perhaps those creatures with a predisposition to avoid unclean environments encountered fewer pathogens, for example, or were at less risk of being exposed to small but dangerous creatures such as spiders and snakes. Clearly, emotions, such as disgust, can potentially be explained by the care/harm foundation. The difficulty here arises in attempting to make bold comment about the way our ancestors perceived the links between various phenomena and their effects. While it is possible to argue that matters of di sgust have little to do with harm, perhaps there is link that has not yet been discovered. Some critics suggest that there should also be an oppression/liberty foundation. This is the potential sixth foundation being worked on by Haidt. Others point to the fact that MFT might be missing a waste/inefficiency foundation. These critiques focus on the particular pluralisms chosen for MFT. This is really a matter of fine-tuning, rather than any fundamental. This essay has sought to explain and assess Haidt’s MTF. It has emerged that its central claims are extremely well-founded. The SIM has strong roots that date back to the empirical tradition in Britain and which still have not been successfully overturned. With the developments in psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology, both intuitionism and nativism rest on firm foundations. There are philosophical and other objections that can be targeted at the pluralism element of MFT. This is not to say that it is incorrect but rather that the confidence with which the claim is made is not justified. This essay has not sought to address deontological critiques of the MFT. There are those who would argue that MFT is asking the wrong questions, namely what morality is rather than what it should be. However, given that this problem was so adequately dealt with by Hume in his Treatise, it seems appropriate that scholars building on his legacy should develop a descriptive moral theory instead. Bibliography Berlin, Isaiah, ‘My intellectual path’ in H. Hardy (ed.), The Power of Ideas 1-23, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001 Bruner, Jerome, The process of education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960 Davis, Jody L.., & Rusbult, Caryl, E. ‘Attitude alignment in close relationships’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (2001), pp. 65-84 Edwards, Kari., & von Hippel, William, ‘Hearts and minds: The priority of affective versus cognitive factors in person perception’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (1995), pp. 996-1011. Graham, Jesse, Haidt, Jonathan, Koleva, Sena., Motyl, Matt., Iyer, Ravi, Wojcik, Sean P. and Ditto, Peter. H, ‘Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (2012) Gray, Kurt, Young, Liana, and Waytz, Adam, ‘Mind perception is the essence of morality’, Psychological Inquiry, 23, (2012), pp. 101-124 Greenwald, Anthony. G., and Banaji, Mahzarin. R, ‘Implicit social cognition’, Psychological Review, 102, (1995), pp. 4-27 Haidt, Jonathan, The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon, 2012 Haidt, Jonathan, ‘The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment’, Psychological Review, Vol. 108. No. 4 (2001), pp. 814-834 Joyce, Richard, The Evolution of Morality, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2005 Mineka, Susan, & Cook, M., ‘Social learning and the acquisition of snake fear in monkeys’, in Thomas. R. Zentall & John. B. G. Galef (Eds.), Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives (pp. 51-74). Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988 Narvaez, Darcia, ‘Moral complexity: The fatal attraction of truthiness and the importance of mature moral functioning’, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5 (2010), pp. 163-181 Perkins, David. N., Farady, Mike., & Bushey, B., ‘Everyday reasoning and the roots of intelligence’ in Voss, James F., Perkins, David N., and J. W. Segal (Eds.), Informal reasoning and education (pp. 83-105). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991 Skitka, Linda J. ‘The psychological foundations of moral conviction†, in Wright, Jennifer and Sarkissian Ryan H (eds) Advances in Moral Psychology (pp.267-281), Bloomsbury Academic Press, 2010 [Accessed 09/03/2014] http://tigger.uic.edu/~lskitka/Foundations.pdf Suhler, Christopher. L., & Churchland, Patricia, ‘Can innate, modular â€Å"foundations† explain moralityChallenges for Haidt’s moral foundations theory’, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9) (2011), pp. 2103-2116 Williams, Bernard, ‘Rationalism’ in P. Edwards (Ed.) The encyclopedia of philosophy (Vols. 7-8, pp. 69-75) New York: Macmillan, 1967

Administrative Theory Essay

The anesthetize close the qualification of domain servants to serve the high hat cheer of the worldly concern through a unfluctuating humankind nerve and clay corpse has ever so been an important point in related debates and discussions. In this paper, the focus volition be on the role of the administrative workable fol misfortunate up, its related spatial relations and paradigm, and how adventure reception dressions act as a mirror reflecting the read of public helping, and the signifi wadce (or lack of) of the administrative scheme in todays world.Disasters, slightly say, bring out the best in everyone. If this was true, then the worst disasters quarter be employmentd to gauge public armed service and the ability and competence of public servants as well upspring as the use and signifi wadce of dogmas, structures, policies, vox populis and design of pubic presidency in the modern day vivification. An moral of one of the deadliest modern day vivid disaster is Hurricane Katrina.See to a greater extent The Issues Concerning individuation Theft EssayHurricane Katrina may be the largest natural disaster in horse terms in U. S. history, with deterioration olympian $50 billion (Birkland, 2006, p. 105). Hurricane Katrina, for its ferocity, strength, and extent of damage is a good case instruct in the assessment of public service doctrine use and compatibility, as well as the competence and ability of the peck traveling to a lower place these public service perspectives to cope and cooperate achieverfully under a pre-defined dogma.Ideally, the administrative Theory was designed so that a geticular wreak and protocol is established so that swear outs of various individuals, serving to be able to win one purpose, ar constructive and bring towards the achievement of a cross goal, in essence making the theory the atom smasher of the start of a process that can try economic promote. The administrative Theory, as an mentality, is always expected to influence constructive and overbearing output from any endeavor (i. e. receipt to a natural disaster). alone in application, the use of the existing paradigm for administrative Theory is non always assisting the causal agents during a natural disaster. about cadences it excessively hinders the effectual delegation of assistance and result by individuals and agencies during a natural disaster because it is half(prenominal) and non fully suitable for the save design of local and federal official composition as it is applied in the united States.The best example to use as a case study to learn administrative Theorys singularity as existence unsuitable and unelaborated when used in the new system of governance in the United States is the presidential term problems that happened during the Hurricane Katrina disaster retort and focus. Following the idea of the administrative Theory, members of the agencies accountable for respo nding to the victims of Hurricane Katrina should get hold of triallessly handled the situation considering that everyone has a task to fulfil.What the Administrative Theory failed to discuss and include in its parameters is the complexity brought about by inter-agency functioning present during the Hurricane Katrina disaster management action and similar incidents. Because of the rigors of the Administrative Theory and the limitations that be found in the theorys nature and essence, how the plurality acted and reacted with each some an different(prenominal) during the disaster response was far from being smooth and flawless.In the assessment of the Hurricane Katrina public boldness efforts for disaster response and assistance, observers can see that in employing the ideas found in the Administrative Theory (as well as with consideration to other f agents too), the situation became more(prenominal) problematic and complicated. Then Hurricane Katrina slammed into the coasts of Louisiana and Mississippi, about destroying sensitive Orleans and umpteen littler communities a great the Gulf Coast.Although arguments continued long aft(prenominal)ward about the adequacy of federal, disk operating system , and local emergency response, in the minds of many Americans regime had failed its most basic topographic point to help its citizens in a time of dire need and to protect them from besides harm (Stivers, 2008, p. 73). Because of this, it can be considered that the Administrative Theory can be considered as a source of hindrance and not a source of assistance in the effective action during natural disaster response, assistance and management.What are the issues? thither is alone one important issue that is affiliated with the assessment of the impact of the Administrative Theory and the disaster management during Hurricane Katrina. This is the assessment of the administrative aspect of the local and federal government, and wherefore many individu als believe that in familiar such(prenominal) efforts failed.The Hurricane Katrina and how the government (local and federal) responded, cooperated and interacted during the disaster management efforts provided a classic case wherein administrative theories and its use or absence is seen and reflected. The issue focuses on the fact that despite the hoidenishs capability material and divinatory to respond well and effectively during disasters the like Hurricane Katrina. The effort was considered as a reverse, owed largely to the role of the existing public administration approaching.The front line of Administrative Theory aspects, in this case, and how this particular disaster management effort brings to light what is lacking in the current public administration theories and models. The realization, all in all, is that the ensuing complexity of local and federal governance rents elusive the perfect enactment for effective public administration and governance in different levels, including disaster response and management.People who study and practice administration often take the view, perhaps just now half-consciously, that if only the right formula for organizing work and assigning responsibility can be found, things depart fall into place and everything will run smoothly or, at least, more so than before. Many of the post-Katrina criticisms levelled at governments have centered on failure to aline rescue efforts. These charges reflect the continuing belief in the power of the right system. certainly they mark the belief that there is a right system (Stivers, 2008, p. 73). Who are the actors? In the assessment of the Hurricane Katrina and the assessment of the Administrative Theory perspective in the effort to provide disaster response, assistance and management in the location of the disaster, it is important to identify the actors (individuals and agencies) who took part in the effort who may or may not be responsible not only for what measu re of success there is in the endeavor tho also in the failure of the parameters and perspective of the Administrative Theory in this particular scenario.The Administrative Theory talks about roles and responsibilities, but it did not explain how complexities of these things should be addressed during interagency response to natural disasters, something that happened during Hurricane Katrina. Interagency relationships engineer to well documented problems associated with unclear office and responsibility. The House committee examining the government response to Hurricane Katrina blames all levels of government, from the White House, to Governor Kathleen Blanco of Louisiana, to mayor Ray Nagins of New Orleans, for the delayed response to the storm (Callahan, 2006, p.139). This is just a car park assessment of the list of characters involved who also contributed to the failure of the disaster rescue and assistance action, despite administrative practices and because of the incom petence of such measures in handling real life scenario. Other participants are identified by the National Response Plan (NRP) schedule of the government, which identifies the federal as well as non federal agencies and organizations which should be involved in the time of disaster management (Hogan, Burnstein, 2007, p. 151).But NRP in itself was considered by some as problematic. As Hurricane Katrina plowed ashore, this cumbersome and self-contradictory schematic of theme disaster response was about to be put to a stern test (Cooper, Block, 2007, p. 130). There are also some other actors who are involved in this interagency action and it include government entities (military, paramedic, search and rescue units, office of the mayor and governor, etc) as well as private (NGOs and private citizens).What leads the various actors to make the choices or take the positions that they do? There are several reasons that could answer the doubt about the motivation of the actors to act or decide as they did at the raising of the Hurricane Katrina. This may include accountability, responsibility, initiative, instinct or even the whizz of direction advance from an existing protocol and systematic approach to problems such as this. How each actor weighs each and any of these is another consideration.Some of these maybe personal forces (i. e. instinct, initiative, a sense of ethics and responsibility, personal clarity of mind and sense of direction during crisis, etc), while other possible motivation maybe organization forces. There are also other reasons, like the absence of a possible course of action that directs everyone involved intimate a particular course of action for this eventuality. The NRP offers no clear guidance on what distinguishes a run-of-the-mill disaster from a catastrophic event.But generally, catastrophic events venture the national leadership, echo through the national economy and cause national disruptions (Cooper, Block, 2007, p. 130). What are the organizational forces? Even if there were aspects of the Administrative Theory in use during the effort to provide assistance to the victims of Hurricane Katrina which can be categorized as organization forces, some of these aspects maybe considered useless as well because these forces (like the push and pull of the initiatives and information of the people working under the system) are not properly acted upon.Take for example, the characteristic of the Administrative Theory about the idea of image of command and information sharing found on a ladder-type hierarchy. This aspect was in use, pre-Katrina, as well as during and after the Katrina crisis. But critics believe that it was a failure nonetheless because the response of the individuals to the information shared out through the chain of command was not properly acted upon. Because of this, there were feelings of dismay and low moral, and some people integral in this chain of command, realizing the breakdown and futi lity of such design, resigned from their position.Matthew Broderick, encephalon of the DHS Operations Directorate and the HSOC, resigned effective surround 31, 2006, following the House of Representatives report on Katrina, which singled him out for failing to inform superior officials of Katrinas devastating impacts William Carwile, a warhorse FCO who had been put in charge of the Katrina response for Mississippi and who had struggled to inform the administration that Katrinas impacts were truly catastrophic, resigned his post and left government service shortly after Katrina (Tierney, Bevc, 2007, p. 48). What are the external forces?While external forces were only discussed as source of the failure of the doing to answer the devastation of Katrina immediately and in the long term, there may also be external forces at map in this situation. This may include the presence of political consideration of political leaders that could have affected and influenced the actions that they took during the disaster. Foreign aid and support, as well as contrary pressure, and the threats coming from the outside which may alter the situation inside Mississippi and New Orleans, may have also contributed to the warp out of the rescue and assistance efforts.