Memory in The Drowned And the Saved by Primo Levi Essay

Primo Levi, in The Drowned and the Saved, expresses theories of memory. My objective is to prove that Primo Levi’s theories of memory being transitive and selective are correct. I will do this by examining and critiquing not only Levi’s perspective on memory, but also those of other philosophers and psychoanalysts whose work explored the subject. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Writer and chemist, survivor and witness, Primo Levi was born in Turin, Italy, in 1919. Like most Italian Jews of his generation, Levi was assimilated to the hilt: quot;Religion,quot; he later recalled, quot;did not count for much in my family.quot; In 1938, however, his religion of Judaism became a sudden and serious liability. That year, Mussolinis government†¦show more content†¦Myriam Anissimov, author of The Tragedy of an Optimist, explores the complex nature of a man who was both a strong and spirited survivor as well as a man prone to severe depression, a man who felt misunderstood and certain that future generations would forget and deny what many would call the central informing disaster of the century. The biography expresses many of theories on memory and exemplifies a memory in itself; as he bears witness to the past. Primo Levi explores memory in a much deeper fashion than society. The fact that Levi devoted his time to a subject society does not care to pay much attention to, is attractive to me. It is interesting the way Levi presents and supports his theories. For example, Levi argues that memory is selective. Levi then uses the example: â€Å"A person who has been wounded tends to block out the memory so as not to renew the pain; the person who has inflicted the wound pushes the memory deep down, to be rid of it, to alleviate the feeling of guilt.† (Pg. 24) Society encounters wounds everyday, whether mentally or physically. Do you think society is worrying about those wounds becoming memories at a later date? Levi does this because he has experienced what it feels like to have a terrible experience turn into a horrific memory, which is what makes Levi’s writingsShow MoreRelatedThe Drowned and the Saved925 Words   |  4 PagesMay 1, 2010 Holocaust The Drowned and the Saved Primo Levi’s last book, The Drowned and the Saved, not only commemorates his time spent at Auschwitz concentration camp, but also analyzes the situations that happened to him and his fellow prisoners. The book gives sight to what was going on in the lives of all parties involved and how each has evolved into what they are today. The purpose of Levi’s book was for his audience to realize that even in our modern world, something tragic like theRead MoreSummary of Survival In Auschwitz by Primo Levi 1019 Words   |  4 PagesIn Survival In Auschwitz, Primo Levi details his experience of life inside of Auschwitz and as a Holocaust survivor. Levi was a twenty-five year old chemist who was involved in the anti-Fascist movement in Italy. In late 1943, Levi was captured and sent to Auschwitz, where he stayed for the remainder of the war. Survival in Auschwitz is a bitter account, drenched and coated in pain, hunger, and cold. Prisoners are gradually dehumanised into Haftling e who are only concerned with their own existenceRead MoreEssay on The Holocaust: The Concentration Camps1484 Words   |  6 Pagesdestuction of humanism, which is the most important mission of the society after World War II. There are many sources of Holocaust trying to best uncover the truth, such as the inhabitant’s experience of the immediate suffering in the camp, fragment memories from the survivors. However, only the analyzations with critical sights of these horrible actions will appeal for just humanitarian attentions to the most extent. Inhabitant’s experience of the immediate suffering in the camp simply describes

Mary White Rowlandson

Known for:  Indian captivity narrative published 1682 Dates: 1637? - January 1710/11 Also known as: Mary White, Mary Rowlandson About Mary White Rowlandson Mary White was probably born in England to parents who immigrated in 1639. Her father was, at his death, wealthier than any of his neighbors in Lancaster, Massachusetts. She married Joseph Rowlandson in 1656; he was ordained as a Puritan minister in 1660. They had four children, one of whom died as an infant. In 1676, near the end of King Philips War, a group of Nipmunk and Narragansett Indians attacked Lancaster, burned the town and captured many of the settlers. Rev. Joseph Rowlandson was on his way to Boston at the time, to raise troops to protect Lancaster. Mary Rowlandson and her three children were among them. Sarah, 6, died in captivity of her wounds. Rowlandson used her skill in sewing and knitting so she was useful while the Indians moved around in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to elude capture by the colonists. She met with the Wampanoag chief, Metacom, who had been named King Philip by the settlers. Three months after the capture, Mary Rowlandson was ransomed for  £20. She was returned at Princeton, Massachusetts, on May 2, 1676. Her two surviving children were released soon after. Their home had been destroyed in the attack, so the Rowlandson family reunited in Boston. Joseph Rowlandson was called to a congregation in Wethersfield, Connecticut, in 1677. In 1678, he preached a sermon about his wifes captivity, A Sermon of the Possibility of Gods Forsaking a People that have been near and dear to him. Three days later, Joseph died suddenly. The sermon was included with early editions of Mary Rowlandsons captivity narrative. Rowlandson married Captain Samuel Talcott in 1679, but no later details of her life are known except some court testimony in 1707, her husbands death in 1691, and her own death in 1710/11. The Book Her book was written to retell the details of Mary Rowlandsons captivity and rescue in the context of religious faith. The book was originally titled The Soveraignty Goodness of God, Together with the Faithfulness of His Promises Displayed; Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, Commended by her to all that Desire to Know the Lords Doings to, and Dealings with Her. Especially to her Dear Children and Relations. The English edition (also 1682) was retitled A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, A Ministers Wife in New-England: Wherein is set forth, The Cruel and Inhumane Usage she underwent amongst the Heathens for Eleven Weeks time: And her Deliverance from them. Written by her own Hand, for her Private Use: and now made public at the earnest Desire of some Friends, for the Benefit of the Afflicted. The English title emphasized the capture; the American title emphasized her religious faith. The book became an immediate best-seller and went through many editions. It is widely read today as a literary classic, the first of what became a trend of captivity narratives where white women, captured by Indians, survived overwhelming odds. Details (and assumptions and stereotypes) about the life of women among the Puritan settlers and in the Indian community are valuable to historians. Despite the overall emphasis (and title, in England) stressing cruel and inhumane usage... amongst the heathens, the book is also notable for conveying an understanding of the captors as individuals who suffered and faced tough decisions -- as human beings with some sympathy towards their captives (one gives her a captured Bible, for example). But beyond being a story of human lives, the book is also a Calvinist religious treatise, showing the Indians as instruments of God sent to be a scourge to the whole Land. Bibliography These books may be helpful for more information on Mary White Rowlandson and on Indian captivity narratives in general. Christopher Castiglia.  Bound and Determined: Captivity, Culture-Crossing and White Womanhood. University of Chicago, 1996.Kathryn and James Derounian and Arthur Levernier.  Indian Captivity Narrative, 1550-1900. Twayne, 1993.Kathryn Derounian-Stodola, editor.  Womens Indian Captivity Narratives.  Penguin, 1998.Frederick Drimmer (editor).  Captured by the Indians: 15 Firsthand Accounts, 1750-1870.  Dover, 1985.Gary L. Ebersole.  Captured By Texts: Puritan to Postmodern Images of Indian Captivity.  Virginia, 1995.Rebecca Blevins Faery.  Cartographies of Desire: Captivity, Race, and Sex in the Shaping University of Oklahoma, 1999.on an American Nation.June Namias.  White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier.  University of North Carolina, 1993.Mary Ann Samyn.  Captivity Narrative.  Ohio State University, 1999.Gordon M. Sayre, Olaudah Equiano and Paul Lauter, editors.  American Captivity Narratives. D C Heath, 2000.Pauline Turner Strong.  Captive Selves, Captivating Others.  Westview Press, 2000.

Victims Rights Why Do Laws Protect the Criminal More...

The criminal laws of the United States are more intent on protecting the rights of criminals than penalizing them. Today’s inmates live better off than most American citizens who are often working two jobs just to meet paying their taxes. A criminal can literally get away with murder because of a technicality, police can barely interrogate suspects without the suspects’ lawyers stating some legal issues that prevent further investigations. It almost seems that the very people who do not respect the law are above it. A criminal is obviously an individual who commits a crime, but what is crime? A crime is any act or omission of an act in violation of a public law. Though most laws are common throughout America, some laws are also†¦show more content†¦In order to persuade these states into ratifying the Constitution, the writers included the Bill of Rights, ten amendments that stated and would protect the rights of the American people. These laws are also created to prevent police officers from planting evidence on suspects and from bursting into homes whenever they feel like it. The law also prevents an officer from firing upon a suspect who has stolen a candy bar from a local gas station. Even the ones who enforce the law must be restricted. Without restrictions, the law enforcement of the United States would eventually become no different from the storm troopers of Nazi Germany. Due to the American policy of â€Å"innocent until proven guilty,† not all suspects are crimina ls. It is not always easy to determine who the lawbreakers are. As much as these laws are needed to keep officers in line, how far should the law go to protect the rights of criminals? Under the current law in the United States, it is possible for a law-abiding citizen, only acting in defense, to be sued for harming or killing a criminal who has illegally entered their home. Whose rights are more important, the ones that follow the law or the ones of those who break the law? There are many rights for criminals and suspects, many of which are stated in the Bill of Rights. These rights are protected by the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighthShow MoreRelatedEssay about Rape Shield Laws995 Words   |  4 PagesRape Shield Laws Facing with much criticism from women’s group with the legal definitions of rape and how rape cases are being processed in the legal system, the government is forced to pass a Rape Law reform in the 1970s. Rape law reform urging courts to treat rape case the same as other crimes, rape law reforms modified traditional rape laws and ratified evidentiary reforms in every state in the United States. The most common and widespread changes occurred in threeRead MoreCapital Punishment Is The Ultimate Punishment1704 Words   |  7 Pagesare accelerating day-by-day. The government should enforce such laws to create a high alert around the society and endorse a secure ruling to its people. But before talking about the essential role of a death penalty, we have to think about the meaning and purpose of any punishment. According to Muhlhausen, 67% of American favor the death for these convicted of murder, while 28 percent are opposed, which shows that there are still more people who believe that capital punishment is the best way to reduceRead MoreLegal Representation for Victims of Crime Essay2420 Words   |  10 Pageshas been undertaken by James Catley on behalf of the Attorney General. The report addresses the proposed amendments to the Victims of Crime Act 2001 (SA) for which the Attorney General will have responsibility. The proposed amendment will give the Commissioner for Victi ms’ Rights and/or the alleged victim of a sexual offence the specific power to be legally represented in criminal proceedings. The report will employ three methods of research; case studies, research studies and jurisprudential studiesRead MoreUtilitarian Vs. Utilitarian Theory1560 Words   |  7 Pagesjustice model. The punishment in this model has to be larger than the advantages of committing this crime (Banks, 2013). The utilitarian model seeks to prevent the crime from occurring by becoming a deterrent effect. Procedural The procedural process for the utilitarian model is the same as the retributive model. Just like the retributive model, the facts need to be dependable in order to properly sentence the offender. Depending on their criminal history, the judge may give the offender a harsher sentenceRead MoreLaw Enforcement Should Be Legal859 Words   |  4 Pageswould receive the most and least unequal treatment by law enforcement. 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According to AmericanRead More Hate Crime Laws Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesextent of the law. That is why I strongly support hate crime laws. Now, before I dive into this very controversial subject, I should probably define what hate crime laws are so you will have a better understanding of what I am talking about. As I have understood it, hate crime laws are laws that protect certain minorities or groups from bias motivated violence and harassment, and also more harshly punish people that commit these crimes against them. As I started to do my researchRead MoreThe Impact Of Civil Justice System On The United States1287 Words   |  6 Pagesthe processing of criminals through the justice system, and the impacts it has in the criminal justice system’s due process and processing of an offender. The process of which the criminal justice system protects defendant’s and victim’s rights is called the Due process. I will attempt to explain how the due process is applied to the U.S. Constitution, to include giving examples, explain the procedural due process, and the reason it exists. I will also have explained which rights should be revokedRead MoreYouth Criminal Justice Act Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe overwhelming majority of juveniles are involved in impulsive or risky, even delinquent behaviors during their teenage years. However, the majority go on to become very productive citizens who do not commit crimes. In order for this to continue the government establishe d the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) which gives young offenders a chance to better themselves, and. By doing so, the YCJA helps teach youth that their actions are unacceptable and the punishments imposed are lesser then anRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Humane Or Inhumane Form Of Justice1731 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout time our world has experienced many forms of crime. Crime will continue in our society no matter what steps we take to prevent it. Many people wonder what they could do to decrease the crime around the world, especially the violent crimes. This is where the death penalty issue comes into play. The death penalty has been around for thousands of years and, compared to the past, has changed dramatically. For example, people used to be publically tortured and then executed in front of anyone

How peer pressure contribute to the spread of HIV among the youth free essay sample

INITIATION CEREMONY At a certain age a young person has to go to be initiated, mostly at this time girls are at puberty stage which can be as young as 12 years, they are taken aside and taught about adulthood, the roles, responsibilities and expectation of women in the society, as well as often having sex component, whereby girls are taught how to please men and are encouraged to have sex with any man, most of the time this men are older than them and they are likely to have HIV infection. This practice encourages girls to have multiple sexual partners most especially those who have been initiated, the changes of been infected are high. They believe that when a girl has done this she will be a better wife. This practice can contribute to the spread of HIV infection among the youth of Malawi. GWAMULA Another cultural practices that happen in Malawi which contribute to the spread of HIV among the young people is gwamula which is practiced in some part of Malawi. Boys and Men sneak into the girl’s room at night and have sex with whoever they will find. This practice contributes to the spread of HIV among the youth most especially the girls because they do have sex with the person whom they don’t know and see. It can happen that the person has HIV and infect it to that girl. This practice also contributes to the spread of HIV among the youth of Malawi. POVERTY Young people are engaged in commercial sex because of poverty in order for them to find their basic needs. Most of the time they practice unprotected sex because they want to earn more money, in so doing they are infected. PEER PRESSURE A lot of young people most of the time get caught up in romantic feelings thinking that having sex is the best way they can prove or demonstrate to love their partner. Sometimes they have sex because their friends think so, then they suffer the consequences been infected with HIV. MULTIPLE SEXUAL PARTNERS Most of the youth who have multiple partners SUBSTANCE ABUSE

bbcsulb Discussion 2 Essays - Criminology, Crime, Psychology

bbcsulb Discussion 2 Which psychological and sociological factors do you believe have the most influence on the development of criminal behavior, and why? When it comes to sociological factors, I believe social interactions are the most significant in terms of criminal behavior development or lack thereof. The text states \"Deviant peer associations and socially disorganized neighborhoods are likely to propel residents toward antisocial behavior (DeLisi 2013)\". Following up on that, the sociological environment within the society of family within one's home can also influence development of criminal behavior if/when the examples within the home by family are criminally deviant. Psychological factors I believe would have influence in developing criminal behavior would be negative emotionality and temperament. The ability to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, sadness, or anger is negative emotionality, according to the text (DeLisi 2013). The text defines temperament as \"aspects of personality that are innate rather than learned (DeLisi 2013). Negative emotions, especially those which are repressed, can spur an incident of rage or irrational, erratic behavior which could result in criminal activity. Temperament is considered significant because one's disposition theoretically stays consistent during his/her lifetime. Hence, is one is quick-tempered or hot-headed when young, the propensity to remain the same is likely and this would trend towards higher likelihood for involvement in crime of some sort. Do you believe that psychological factors or sociological factors have more of an influence over behavior, or is it a combination of the two? Despite the influence psychological factors may have on one's thinking or mental capacity, I believe sociological factors have more of an influence over behavior. If criminal-type behavior is the norm for an individual by way of family influence/involvement or peer and/or environment influence, the deviant behavior is more likely to be replicated than not. The text explains that social learning theoretically states behavioral consequences and reinforcement as responsible for continuation of behavior (DeLisi 2013). Provide an example of a criminal case to support your discussion. The criminal case and history of infamous serial killer Aileen Wuornos could an example of social learning theory and its effect. Aileen Wuornos was tried, convicted, and executed for the murder of seven men in Central Florida. Her upbringing could fit the category of social learning theory, which is a perspective that states that people learn within a social context. It seems that Wuornos growing up could be definitely in this category obviously, and was able to learn from her environment. People, especially children, learn from the environment and seek acceptance from society by learning through influential models The Social Control theory would suggest Wuornos's life experiences may have caused her to become a serial killer. Wuornos was abandoned by her parents, molested at youth and thrown out of the only home she knew as a teen. As result, she resorted to prostitution to survive. She dropped out of school at an early age and had to give up her child for adoption after getting pregnant at 14 yeard old of age. Her peers alienated her and she had little to no friends. School failed to provide the social life she hoped to have. \"Wuornos's childhood may hold the key to many of the reasons she behaved in such a violent, reckless, remorseless, manner\", (Adams, 2009). By using the social learning /social control theory, one could easily relate to the belief that Wuornos was a product of her environment References: DeLisi, M. (2013). Criminal Psychology. San Diego, CA. Bridgepoint Education Inc. https://bbcsulb.desire2learn.com/d2l/lms/blog/view_user.d2l?ownerId=72322 https://russiarobinson.wordpress.com/2015/11/05/serial-killer-aileen-wuornos-applying-sociology-theories-to-crime-and-behavior/ Adams, C. (2009, July). Crime 101: What is the link between self-control theory, serial killer, and aileen wuornos. The Examiner, Retrieved from http://www.examiner.com/article/crime-101-what-is-the-link-between-self-control-theory-serial-killing-and-aileen-wuornos-part-1

Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay Example

Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay Example Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay In today’s universe were the rate of world’s ownerships is deteriorating rapidly. There is far added force per unit area on the mill directors to build ware in a technique that supply greatest direction of energy. I would wish to take Motkamills for my faculty undertaking. which happens to be a paper factory which specialises in bring forthing laminating paper. I have chosen this peculiar industry because of the fact. mush for doing paper is extracted from the trees and this is one of the industries that need high monitoring to be energy efficient. Furthermore they need to be environment friendly as eco-system demands to be in perfect balance for endurance of worlds. The usage of energy monitoring and modulating procedure control systems can play a critical function in energy direction and in cut downing the demand of energy by this mill. These systems may include procedure such as sub-metering. monitoring. and control systems. They can drastically cut down the clip req uired to execute complex undertakings. frequently consequence in improved merchandise quality and consistence of any peculiar and can optimise process operations. Figure adapted by an ISO publication. â€Å"Typically. energy and cost nest eggs are about 5 % or more for many industrial applications of procedure control systems. These nest eggs apply to workss without updated procedure control systems ; many mush and paper Millss may already hold modern procedure control systems in topographic point to better energy efficiency† ( Kramer. october 2009 ) . Harmonizing to ( Kramer. october 2009 ) increase energy nest eggs further could be monetized by active energy monitoring squads and a through internal audit should be conducted by these squads. Specific energy nest eggs and payback periods for overall acceptance of energy monitoring and control systems vary greatly from works to works and company to company. A assortment of procedure control systems are available for all sorts of industrial procedures. Although energy direction systems thoughts are already widely spread in assorted industrial sectors. the public presentation of the systems can still be improved. which will as sist cut down costs. The energy salvaging procedure for 50 GPM of rescued H2O would approximately necessitate about 100 to 200 square pess of common production infinite. Utility demands would be compressed air. The estimation for entire affiliated HP for the full procedure would run from 15 to 20 HP. The operating and care costs for this procedure would dwell of electric power costs along with chemical purchases and care costs. The H2O recycle procedure would hold to be connected with and electrical burden in the scope of 15 to 20 HP. Based upon the figure of times H2O recycled associated power demands an one-year cost of $ 7. 500 would be incurred harmonizing to ( O’Connor. October2006 ) . The chemical ingestion rates estimated from the trial tally of this procedure were found to be really insistent. The one-year cost for chemicals is based upon the experimental operation disbursals extrapolated to an one-year ingestion rate. These costs are based upon the specific coagulator and flocculants needed for the pilot proving. The one-year cost is approximated at $ 16. 000. If the fiber is recovered or dewatered farther for disposal and the chemical intervention costs may be discounted as they are about same as to the chemical demands for the intervention of the fiber and fillers needed for the waste intervention works or the recovery of fiber through surrogate engineerings. Harmonizing to ( O’Connor. October2006 ) the care costs for the equipment are really hard to gauge. Other assorted fixs would be required for parts such as pumps. valves and instruments. For simpleness these cost are assumed to be one-year care cost of 2. 5 % of the capital equipment cost. This cost would be about $ 5. 000. The procedure is designed to be to the full automated. Daily tested by the mill’s lab staff to guarantee proper operation. The chemical and operating cost should be lower every bit good. There should be a benefit in retrieving the thickened stock from this watercourse for recycling in the factory and its value should clearly countervail the decrease on thermic nest eggs of the mill due to the execution of H2O recycling procedure. â€Å"The most of import natural stuffs used in a paper factory are mush fiber. H2O. and thermic and electrical energy. Decrease in the usage of any or all of these natural stuffs can hold a important. positive impact on the economic sciences of paper production and a mill’s underside line profitableness. Numerous commercially available engineerings are presently used throughout the paper industry for the recovery of fiber and clarified H2O from factory white H2O. † ( Romaro. september 2006 ) . Heat recovery systems could besides be utilized for minimising thermic and electrical energy usage. Nevertheless. all of these engineerings are capable to a figure of things such as public presentation. energy. efficiency. and dependability insufficiencies. It is considered impossible to bring forth economical high lucidity. â€Å" thermally rich H2O that may be substituted for fresh make-up H2O that typically requires heating to process-operating temperature† ( Romaro. september 2006 ) this means that you would hold to incur extra cost to recycle H2O which in bend will do you economically inefficient. As a consequence. with these present engineerings. paper Millss waste big measures of thermic and electrical energy and frequently lose their productiveness due to lower than coveted procedure runing temperatures. which they are unable to retrieve from important parts of their procedure H2O. effluent. and mush fiber. Companies all over the universe are highly witting of their C footmarks. More over European Union has aimed to lodge to the Kyoto protocol. â€Å"According to the burden-sharing understanding between EU Member States. Finland is committed under the Kyoto Protocol to conveying national mean one-year emanations down to their 1990 degree in the 2008–2012 periods. † ( Ojala. 4 feburay 2011 ) . Currently Motkamills has three production unit in Finland. for this to take topographic point they need to be energy efficient as we know that fuel costs make up a larger proportion of the costs in any given mills. being energy efficient will non merely convey down the operating costs for the twelvemonth of the mill but besides provide room for sustainable development. BibliographyKramer. M. a. X. . October 2009. Energy Efficiency Improvement and cost economy Opportunities for the mush and the paper industry. s. l. : BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY. O’Connor. K. . October2006. ENERGY EFFICIENT PAPER MILL PROCESS WATER AND WASTED PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER FOR REUSEAND FIBER RECOVERY. s. l. : The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority ( NYSERDA ) . Ojala. J. a. C. . 4 feburay 2011. Finland is implementing. s. l. : Ministry of the Environment. Finland. Romaro. B. . September 2006. PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER. s. l. : New YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.

Ethics & International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics & International Relations - Essay Example 1These myths describe many things some may look reasonable and easy to understand whereas others may not look logical. But all these myths and narrative whether reasonable or not help us to understand the big games played between big powers. These myths also indicate that events taking place around the world are ethical and moral. These myths can also answer this important question: Can International Relations theory ever be truly ethical? Generally it is said that whatever rules of fair play are taught by religion and traditional values of society are called ethics. It is important to understand the comprehensive definition of ethics. A complete clarity about what ethics or morality is necessary since there are many confusing views presented by some philosophers. The modern views about ethics clarify much confusion. The modern views are: Although it is debatable that what exact range should ethics cover. But majority of scholars agrees that it should be related to the particular concepts like vice, benefit, disgrace, obligation, duty, virtue etc. Many people look for ethical teachings in religion and tradition. But in contemporary world, these sources may not provide adequate answers. If they provide answers then they become controversial because of different interpretations. Similarly, culture also can not provide complete ethical answers in various situations. If the culture of a nation gives one interpretation then it is quite possible that culture of other nation may contradict it. But it is also true that most of the cultures have many common points to be agreed on. Almost all cultures accept and preach the common virtues like truth, honesty, steadfastness etc. It is therefore necessary to evolve a universal ethical theory. 2The universal values can take varied cultural forms in various places. Other ethical concepts can prove to be universal in reach but